A Generic Mechanism for Enhanced Cytokine Signaling via Cytokine-Neutralizing Antibodies

A Generic Mechanism for Enhanced Cytokine Signaling via Cytokine-Neutralizing Antibodies

Enhancement or inhibition of cytokine signaling and corresponding immune cells responses are critical factors in various disease treatments. Cytokine signaling may be inhibited by cytokine-neutralizing antibodies (CNAs), which prevents further activation of cytokine receptors. However, CNAs may result in enhanced-instead of inhibitory-cytokine signaling (an "agonistic effect") in various in vit...

Cytokine signaling: Cytokine-inducible signaling inhibitors

Seven members of a family of cytokine-inducible proteins have been identified, a number of which have been shown to act as negative regulators of cytokine action. All of these proteins contain a central Src homology 2 domain, as well as conserved motifs in their carboxy-terminal regions.

Monoclonal Antibodies In Vivo Cytokine Effects by Anti-Cytokine Cutting Edge: Mechanism of Enhancement of

Effects of Inflammatory Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Gene Expression: A Mechanism for Liver Regeneration

Introduction  Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) which is produced in abundance in the normal adult liver, is deeply involved in hepatocyte survival, growth, and differentiation during liver development. IGF-I plays the roles via the receptor (IGF-IR) signaling pathway. IGF-IR unlike IGF-I is expressed strongly in the developing liver, but much more weakly in adults. Objective:  We hypothesi...

Mnk Kinases in Cytokine Signaling and Regulation of Cytokine Responses.

The kinases Mnk1 and Mnk2 are activated downstream of the p38 MAPK and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Extensive work over the years has shown that these kinases control phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and regulate engagement of other effector elements, including hnRNPA1 and PSF. Mnk kinases are ubiquitously expressed and play critical roles in signaling for various c...